WENJIAN LAO - Chemist

EDUCATION:

Ph.D., Analytic Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 2000

M.S., Analytic Chemistry, LICP, CAS, 1996

B.S., Chemistry, Xi'an Petroleum Institute, P.R. China, 1990

AREAS OF EXPERTISE:

Dr. Lao specializes in environmental trace analysis, enantioseparation of chiral organic pollutants and chiral stationary phase synthesis, and passive environmental sampling technology. He began his career working on sampling and analysis of persistent organic pollutants in Beijing. He participated in many oil & gas geochemical prospecting projects as an analytical chemist/engineer in China. He developed a method for rapid analysis of free hydrocarbons by gas chromatography. He has studied the synthesis, fluorescence properties and biological activities of carbazole carboxylic acids. He has also prepared chiral stationary phases and developed chiral separation methods for selected organic pesticides.

Before joining the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP), Dr. Lao investigated enantioselectivity of imidazolinone herbicides and rodenticides in the environment. He was the lead analyst for characterizing wet and dry atmospheric deposition of selected insecticides in coastal urban watersheds, and led a study to quantify and reduce pesticide loading from commercial landscapes into receiving waters. Currently, Dr. Lao is working on passive sampling methods, including solid phase microextraction (SPME) and polyethylene devices (PEDs), ultratrace levels of legacy and emerging contaminants of concern.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

Chemist, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project. Costa Mesa, CA. 2006-Present

Postdoctoral Researcher, University of California, Riverside, Department of Environmental Sciences. Riverside, CA. 2005-2006

Postdoctoral Associate, Mississippi State University, Chemistry Department. Mississippi State, MS. 2003-2005

Research Associate, Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemistry. Nashville, TN. 2003-2003

Research Scientist, The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing, P.R. China. 2001-2003

Graduate Student Researcher, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Lanzhou, P.R. China. 1995-2000

Engineer, Analytical Chemistry Division, Geochemical Crews, BGP Inc., China National Petroleum Corporation. Zhuozhou, P.R. China. 1990-2002

HONORS AND AWARDS:

Principal investigator, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2001)

The Peng Yingang Science and Technology Fellowship, Chinese Academy of Science (2000)

Achievement Award of Quality Control, China National Petroleum Corporation (1995)

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES:

Board of Directors, Southern California Regional Chapter of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SoCal SETAC) (2008-2010)

Hydrology & Watershed Management Committee, American Water Resources Association

American Chemical Society

Sigma Xi

PUBLICATIONS:

Lao, W. and J. Gan. 2011. Enantioselective degradation of warfarin in soils. Chirality. In Press.

Lao, W. and J. Gan. 2010. Characterization of warfarin unusual peak profiles on oligoproline chiral high performance liquid chromatography columns. Journal of Chromatography 1217:6545-54.

Lao, W. and J. Gan. 2010. Temperature effects on a doubly tethered diproline chiral stationary phase: Hold-up volume, enantioselectivity and robustness. Journal of Separation Sciences 33:3052–3059.

Ramezani, M.K., D.P. Oliver, R.S. Kookana, W. Lao, G. Gill, and C. Preston. 2010. Faster degradation of herbicidally-active enantiomer of imidazolinones in soils. Chemosphere 79:1040-1045.

Lao, W., D. Tsukada, D.J. Greenstein, S.M. Bay,and K.A. Maruya. 2010. Analysis, occurrence and toxic potential of pyrethroids and fipronils in Ballona estuary sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29:843-851.

Sabin, L.D., K. Maruya, W. Lao, D. Diehl, D. Tsukada, K.D. Stolzenbach, and K.C. Schiff. 2010. Exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between the atmosphere, water and sediment in coastal embayments of southern California. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29:265–274.

Lao, W. and J. Gan. 2009. Doubly tethered tertiary amide linked and ionically bonded diproline chiral stationary phases. Journal of Separation Science 32:2359-2368.

Lao, W. and J. Gan. 2009. Evaluation of triproline and tri-a-methylproline chiral stationary phases: Retention and enantioseparation associated with hydrogen bonding. Journal of Chromatography A. 1216:5020-5029.

Lao, W. G. Arye, F. Ernst, Y.P. Xu, S. Bondarenko, D. Haver, J. Kabashima, D. Shibberu, and J. Gan. 2008. Reduction of Pyrethroid Runoff from a Commercial Nursery. pp. 428-446 in: Synthetic Pyrethroids: Occurrence and Behavior in Aquatic Environments, American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C.

Lao, W. and J. Gan. 2008. Characterizations of Column Hold-up Volume with Static and Dynamic Methods on an Immobilized Polysaccharide-based Chiral Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 67:3-7.

Lao, W. and J. Gan. 2007. Hold-up volume and its application in estimating effective phase ratio and thermodynamic parameters on a polysaccharide-coated chiral stationary phase. Journal of Separation Sciences 30:2590-2597.

Lao, W. and J. Gan. 2006. Responses of enantioselective characteristics of imidazolinone herbicides and Chiralcel OJ column to temperature variations. Journal of Chromatogaphy A 1131:74-84.

Lao, W. and J. Gan. 2006. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of imidazolinone herbicide enantiomers and their methyl derivatives on polysaccharide-coated chiral stationary phases. Journal of Chromatogaphy A 1117:184-193.

Zhang, G., R.E. Rogers, W.T. Frenca, and W. Lao. 2006. Investigation of microbial influences on seafloor gas-hydrate formations. Marine Chemistry 103:359-369.

Zhao, R.S., W.J. Lao, and X.B. Xu. 2004. Headspace Liquid-Phase Microextraction of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Their Gas-Chromatographic Determination. Talanta 62:751-756.

Ma, L.L., W.J. Lao, X.T. Wang, H. Liu, S.G. Chu, and X.B. Xu. 2003. Analytical method for trace semi-volatile organic compounds in the soil of Beijing suburbs. Chinese Analytical Chemistry 31:1025-1029.

Liu, X.F., W.J. Lao, X.H. Bi, X.B. Xu, and J.M. Zhao. 2002. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in abalone samples from Antarctic. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 30:1035-1037.

You, J., W.J. Lao, M.J. Huang, and G.J. Wang. 2002. Study of molecular imprinted polymer as the adsorbent in the clean-up step after supercritical fluid extraction. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 30:518-521.

Bi, Y.S., W.J. Lao, S. Zhao, and J.B. Li. 2001. Synthesis and structure identification of partly hexenyl-substituted ÃŸ-cyclodextrin. Journal of Chemical Reagents 23:284-285.

Lao, W.J., Y.H. Zhang, Y.Q. Liu, Q.J. Wu, Z.X. Huang, Q.Y. Ou. 2001. The Microwave-assisted Preparation and X-Ray Structure of 3-Bromo-9-carbazoly-N-acetic acid. Chinese Chemical Letters 12:321-324.

Lao, W.J., J. You, H.J. Lu, S.L. Chen, X.J. Shen, and Q.Y. Ou. 2001. Study on the Synthesis, Properties and Biological Actitities of (9-Carbazoly)-carboxylic acids. Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities 22:955-957.

Lao, W.J., J. You, J.M. You, G.J. Wang, and Q.Y. Ou. 2001. The Advances of fluorescence derivatization for alcohols and acids in high-performance liquid chromatography. Analysis and Testing Technology and Instruments 7:28-36.

You J., W.J. Lao, and G.J. Wang. 2001. Enantiomeric Separation of Pesticides by High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis. Analysis and Testing Technology and Instruments 7:100-104.

You, J., W.J. Lao, S.L. Chen, and Q.Y. Ou. 2001. Molecular Imprinted Polymer Used as An Additive for High Performance Capillary Electrophroesis. Journal of Instrumental Analysis 20:19.

Zhang, Y.H., W.J. Lao, Y.Q. Yin, Z.X. Huang, and J.J. Wu. 2001. The Reaction of Octacarbonyldicobalt and Dipropargyl Malonate. Chinese Journal of Structure Chemistry 20:104

Zhang, Y.H., J. Zhang, W.J. Lao, Y.Q. Yin, Z.X. Huang, and J.J. Wu. 2001. The Reaction of Octacarbonyldicobalt and Dipropargyl Terephthalate. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 628:123-130.

Zhang, Y.H., W.J. Lao, Y.Q. Liu, Y.Q. Yin, J.J. Wu, and Z.X. Huang. 2001. Reaction of dipropargyl manolate, terephthalate with Co2(CO)8, Mo2Cp2(CO)4 and RuCo2(CO)11 gives the di or tetranuclear clusters. The crystal structure of [CH2(CO2CH2C2H-m)2][Co2(CO)6]2 and [p-(HC2CH2OCO)C6H4(CO2CH2C2H-m)][Co2(CO)6]. Polyhedron 20:1107-1113.

Lao, W.J., J.M. You, X.J. Sun, X.H. Kong, and Q.Y. Ou. 2000. Facile and Rapid Synthesis of 9H-Carbazole-9-Carboxylic Acids Under Microwave Irradiation. Synthetic Communications 30:3491.

Lao, W.J., C.Z. Xu, S.F. Ji, J.M. You, and Q.Y. Ou. 2000. Electronic and vibrational spectra of series substituted Carbazole derivatives. Spectrochimica Acta, Part A 56:2049-2060.

Lao, W.J., Z.W. Yu, Y.Q. Liu, and Q.Y. Ou. 2000. Microwave-induced Fast Synthesis and Optical Resolution of 2-(9-Carbazoly)-Carboxylic Acids Enantiomers. Journal für Praktische Chemie-Chemiker-Zeitung 342:596.

Lao, W.J., X.J. Sun, J.M. You, and Q.Y. Ou. 2000. Microwave-assisted rapid preparation of substituted carbazole-9-carboxylic acids and their absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic characteristics. Monatshefte für Chemie/Chemical Monthly 131:803.

Lao, W.J., X.J. Sun, J.M. You, and Q.Y. Ou. 2000. Microwave-assisted preparation substituted carbazole-9-acetic/propoinice acid and fluorescence spectroscopic characteristics. Heterocyclic Communications 6:81.

Lao, W.J., J.M. You, X.J. Sun, X.H. Kong, and Q.Y. Ou. 2000. Rapid Preparation of 1.4-Dimethyl-Carbazole-9-Carboxylic acid under Microwave Irradiation. Chinese Journal of Synthetic Chemistry 8:6.

Lao, W.J., J.M. You, Z.W. Yu, and Q.Y. Ou. 2000. On the synthesis of bromine substituted carbazoles and their normal phase HPLC separation. Journal of Chemical Reagents 22:260.

Liu, Y.Q., W.J. Lao, Y.H. Zhang, S.X. Jiang, and L.R. Chen. 2000. Direct optical resolution of the enantiomers axially chiral compounds by HPLC on Cellulose tri-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) stationary phase. Chromatographia 52:190.

You, J.M., W.J. Lao, J. You, and G.J. Wang. 1999. Characterization and application of acridine-9-N-acetyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide as a pre-column derivatization agent for fluorimetric detection of amino acids in liquid chromatography. Anlayst 124:1755-1760.

You, J.M., W.J. Lao, X.J. Fan, Q.Y. Ou, and X.L. Jia. 1999. Study on the chromatographic behavior and inclusion constants of several new fluorescence agents using cyclodextrin as additives under the conditions of steady and dynamic state equilibrium with fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 49:95-104.

You, J.M., X.J. Sun, W.J. Lao, and Q.Y. Ou. 1999. Determination of alcohols using condensation agent carbazole-9-acetyl-benzene-disulfonate by high performance liquid chromatography with pre-column fluorescence derivatization. Chromatographia 49:657-665.

You, J.M., W.J. Lao, Q.Y. Ou, and X.J. Sun. 1999. Fluorescence properties of carbazole-N-(2-methyl) acetyl chloride and determination of amino compounds via high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column fluorescence derivatization. Journal of Chromatography A 848:117-130.

You, J.M., W.J. Lao, X.J. Sun, and Q.Y. Ou. 1999. Carbazole-9-N-acetyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide (CAHS) as precolumn derivatization agent for fluorimetric detection of amino compounds with liquid chromatogrpahy. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technology 22:2907-2923.

Suo, X.D. and W.J. Lao. 1999. Study on the Geochemical Prospecting System of Near the Earth's Surface Free Hydrocarbons and Its Applied Effect. Petroleum Explorationist 4:35.

You, J.M., W.J. Lao, Q.Y. Ou, and X.J. Sun. 1999. A simple and mild derivatization method for hydroxyl compounds using condensation agent carbazole-9-N-(2-methyl)-acetyl-benzene-disulfonate and its application for the determination of volatile alcohols from plasma by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 365:521-528.

You, J.M., J. You, W.J. Lao, G.J. Wang, and X.L. Jia. 1999. Fluorescence properites of carbazole-9-ylpropionic acid and its application to the determination of amines via HPLC with fluorescence detection. Analyst 124:281-288.

You, J.M., H.T. Sun, W.J. Lao, and Q.Y. Ou. 1999. Fluorescence properties of carbazole-9-yl-acetyl chloride and its application for the simultaneous determination of amino acids and bigenic amines via liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analytica Chimica Acta 3:51.

You, J.M., X.J. Sun, W.J. Lao, Q.Y. Ou, and DZ Jiang. 1999. Derivatization of alcohols using acridone-9-N-acetyl-benzene-disulfonate as a condensation agent and its application for the determination of volatile alcohols in human plasma by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analytica Chimica Acta 391:43-55.

You, J.M., X.J. Fan, W.J. Lao, Q.Y. Ou, and Q.C. Zhu. 1999. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of biogenic amines and amino acids. Talanta 48:437.

You, J.M., W.J. Lao, and Q.Y. Ou. 1998. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of amino compounds with carbazole-9-N(2-methyl)-acetic chloride. Chinese Chemical Letters 9:657-660

Lao, W.J., and G.J. Wang. 1995. The rapid analysis of free hydrocarbon by gas chromatography in field for oil and gas geochemical prospecting. Analysis and Testing Technology and Instruments 1:28.

Lao, W.J. 1995. On the PETREX Fingerprint Technology. Overseas Petroleum Exploration 7:62.

TECHNICAL REPORTS:

Bay, S.M., J.D. Greenstein, K.A. Maruya, and W. Lao. 2010. Toxicity Identification Evaluation of Sediment (Sediment TIE) in Ballona Creek Estuary: Final Report. Technical Report 634. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project. Costa Mesa, CA.

Sayre, M.J., A.G. Rachel, W. Lao, and K.A. Maruya. Comparing solid phase microextraction and polyethylene passive samplers for measuring ultra-low aqueous concentrations of regulated organic pollutants. pp. 45-56 in: S.B. Weisberg and K. Miller (eds.), Southern California Coastal Water Research Project 2010 Annual report. Costa Mesa, CA.

Lao, W. and J. Gan. Temperature effects on a doubly tethered diproline chiral stationary phase: Hold-up volume, enantioselectivity and robustness. pp. 57-66 in: S.B. Weisberg and K. Miller (eds.), Southern California Coastal Water Research Project 2010 Annual report. Costa Mesa, CA.

Lao, W., D. Tsukada, D.J. Greenstein, S.M. Bay, and K.A. Maruya. 2009. Analysis, occurrence and toxic potential of pyrethroids and fipronils in Ballona estuary sediments. pp. 277-289 in: K.C. Schiff and K. Miller (eds.), Southern California Coastal Water Research Project 2009 Annual Report. Costa Mesa, CA.

Sabin, L.D., K.A. Maruya, W.J. Lao, D. Diehl, D. Tsukada, K.D. Stolzenbach, and K.C. Schiff. Exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between the atmosphere, water, and sediment in southern California coastal embayments. pp. 51-64 in: SB Weisberg and K Miller (eds.), Southern California Coastal Water Research Project 2008 Annual Report. Costa Mesa, CA.

Jian Peng, K.A. Maruya, K.C. Schiff, D. Tsukada, D. Diehl, W.J. Lao, J. Gan, and E. Zeng. 2007. Organochlorine Pesticides and Other Trace Organic Contaminants in the Upper Newport Bay Watershed. Technical Report 512. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project. Costa Mesa, CA.

SELECTED PRESENTATIONS AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS:

Lao, W., L. Tiefenthaler, D. Greenstein, K.A. Maruya, S.M. Bay, and K.C. Schiff. 2011. Pyrethroids in Sediment from Southern California Coastal Environment-Bight’08 Survey. Presentation at the American Chemical Society 242nd National Meeting & Exposition. Denver, CO.

Adams, G.R, A.S. Joyce, M.S. Pirogovsky, W. Lao, J.F. Haw, and K.A. Maruya. 2011. Calibration and use of Polyethylene Passive Samplers for Quantifying Legacy and Emerging Contaminants of Concern at POTW Outfalls. Presentation at the Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference (WEFTEC). Los Angeles, CA.

Joyce, A., M. Pirogovsky, W. Lao, R. Adams, J. Haw, and K.A. Maruya. 2011. Determination of Polyethylene-Water Partition Coefficients for the Passive Sampling of Contaminants of Emerging Concern. Poster presentation at the SoCal SETAC Annual Meeting. Huntington Beach, CA.

Pirogovsky, M., A. Joyce, W. Lao, J. Haw, R. Adams, and K.A. Maruya. 2011. Calibrating Solid Phase Microextraction Passive Samplers for in Situ Preconcentration of Contaminants of Emerging Concern. Poster presentation at the SoCal SETAC Annual Meeting. Huntington Beach, CA.

Bay, S.., D. Greenstein, K.A. Maruya, and W. Lao. 2011. The Causes of Sediment Toxicity in Ballona Creek Estuary, Los Angeles, California and Their Relationship to TMDL Target Compounds. Presentation at the SoCal SETAC Annual Meeting. Huntington Beach, CA.

Lao, W., D. Tsukada, D. Greenstein, S.M. Bay, and K.A. Maruya. 2010. Modeling the Calibration of Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) Fibers for Pyrethroids in Estuarine and Marine Waters. Presentation at the SETAC North America 31st Annual Meeting. Portland, OR.

Bay, S., D. Greenstein, K.A. Maruya, W. Lao, S. Lowe, and B. Phillips. 2010. Impacts of Pyrethroid Pesticides on Sediment Quality and Management in California Estuaries. Presentation at the SETAC North America 31st Annual Meeting. Portland, OR.

Tsukada, D., D. Greenstein, W. Lao, D. Diehl, S.M. Bay, K.A. Maruya, and E. Zeng. 2010. Impacts of Pyrethroid Pesticides on Sediment Quality and Management in California Estuaries. Poster presentation at the SETAC North America 31st Annual Meeting. Portland, OR.

Lao, W.J., D. Tsukada, C.C. Lynch, J.M. Hoffman, D.L. Hopkins, T.D. Hassett, and K.A. Maruya. 2010. Commercialization of a method for toxaphene using negative ion mass spectrometry. Presentation at the 30th International symposium on halogenated persistent organic pollutants. San Antonio, TX.

Lao, W.J., D. Tsukada, and K.A. Maruya. 2010. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) calibration for pyrethroids and fipronil in seawater and determination of partition coefficient in sediment porewater. Presentation at the SoCal SETAC annual meeting. San Diego, CA.

Lao, W.J., D. Tsukada, D.J. Greenstein, S.M. Bay, and K.A. Maruya. 2010. Potential contribution of pyrethroids and fipronil to toxicity observed in sediments from an urban estuary. Presentation at the American Chemical Society 239th National Meeting & Exposition. San Francisco, CA.

P.M. Carter, S. Tehranian, R.G. Adams, W.J. Lao, and K.A. Maruya. 2009. A Comparison of Polyethylene (PE) Water Partitioning Coefficients for PE Passive In Situ Samplers of Varying Thicknesses. Presentation at the SoCal SETAC annual Meeting. Costa Mesa, CA.

Lao, W.J., D. Tsukada, S.M. Bay, and K.A. Maruya. 2009. Analysis and Toxic Potential of Pyrethroids in Ballona Estuary Sediments. Presentation at the SCCWRP Symposium. Costa Mesa, CA.

D. Tsukada, D. Greenstein, W.J. Lao, V. Raco-Rands, S. Bay, K. Maruya, and E. Zeng. 2009. A SPME-based passive sampler for sediment quality assessment of regulated organic contaminants: lab and field studies. Presentation at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 30th Annual Meeting. New Oreans, LA.

Lao, W.J., D. Tsukada, J. Sayre, R. Adams, and K.A. Maruya. 2008. Polyethylene Devices (PEDs) for Ultralow Levels of Waterborne Pyrethroids. Presentation at the SoCal SETAC Annual Meeting. Dana Point, CA.

Maruya, K., D. Tsukada, and W.J. Lao. 2008. Applications for Passive Sampling Devices (PSDs) in Impaired Urban Watersheds. Presentation at the SoCal SETAC Annual Meeting. Dana Point, CA.

Maruya, K., D. Tsukada, W.J. Lao, Z.Y. Yang, S. Bay and E. Zeng. 2008. A SPME-based passive sampler for improving sediment quality assessment of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). Presentation at the SETAC 29th Annual Meeting. Tampa, FL.

Sayre, J., W.J. Lao, R. Adams, and K.A. Maruya. 2008. Comparing polyethylene devices (PEDs) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) for measuring ultra-low aqueous concentrations of regulated organic pollutants. Presentation at the SETAC 29th Annual Meeting. Tampa, FL.

Lao, W.J., K. Schiff, K. Maruya, and J. Gan. 2007. Chiral and Isomer-specific Chlordane Signatures in Stormwater Runoff from Different Urban Landscapes. Presentation at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 28th Annual Meeting. Milwaukee, WI.

Lao, W.J., K.A. Maruya, J. Peng, K. Schiff, and J. Gan. 2007. Chiral and isomer-specific chlordane signatures for stormwater runoff representing various land use categories. Presentation at the American Chemical Society 234th National Meeting & Exposition. Boston, MA.

Lao, W.J. and Jay Gan. 2006. Modification of proline stationary phase for chiral discrimination. Presentation at the American Chemical Society 232nd National Meeting & Exposition. San Francisco, CA.

Lao, W.J., F.F. Ernst, C. Martinez, D. Haver, J. Kabashima, and J. Gan. 2006. Reduction of pesticide runoff from a commercial nursery. Presentation at the American Chemical Society 232nd National Meeting & Exposition. San Francisco, CA.

Gan, J., W.J. Lao, L. Walsh, C. Martinez, D. Haver, J. Kabashima, and L.S. Wu. 2006. Mitigation of Pesticide Runoff from a Commercial Nursery. Presentation at the ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings. Indianapolis, IN.

Lao, W.J. and J. Gan. 2005. Enantioselective Degradation and Algal Phytotoxicity of Imidazolinone Herbicides. 2001. Presentation at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 26th Annual Meeting. Baltimore, MD.

Lao, W.J. and J. Gan. 2005. Warfarin Enantioselective Degradation in soils and Interaction with Humic Acid. 2001. Presentation at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 26st Annual Meeting. Baltimore, MD.

Lao, W.J., Q.Y. Ou, and X.B. Xu. 2001. Study on 1.4-dimethylcarbazole-9- propionic acid as new pre-column fluorescent derivatizative probe for sensitive detection of alcohols by high-performance liquid chromatography. Proceedings of the Second Symposium for Analysts of Both Sides of Taiwan Strait. Beijing, P.R. China.

Lao, W.J., J. You, H.J. Lu, and Q.Y. Ou. 2000. Study On Microwave-Induced Synthesis And Structures of (9-Carbazoly)-Carboxylic Acids. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium for Chinese Organic Chemists. Shanghai, P.R. China.